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Reach 2 is dominated in both wet and dry seasons by the Yunnan Component. Reach 3 is increasingly influenced by contributions from the massive left bank tributaries in Laos, particularly the Nam Ngum, Nam Theun, Nam Hinboun, Se Bang Fai, Se Bang Hieng and Se Done Rivers. The Mun-Chi river system from the correct financial institution in Thailand enters the mainstream within this reach. Reach 4: Pakse to Kratie. The main hydrological contributions to the mainstream on this attain come from the Se Kong, Se San, and Sre Pok catchments. Together, these rivers make up the largest hydrological sub-component of the decrease basin. Over 25% of the mean annual circulate volume to the mainstream at Kratie comes from these three river basins. They're the important thing component within the hydrology of this part of the system, especially to the Tonle Sap movement reversal. Reach 5: Kratie to Phnom Penh. This reach contains the hydraulic complexities of the Cambodian floodplain, the Tonle Sap and the great Lake. By this stage, over 95% of the whole flow has entered the Mekong system. The main focus turns from hydrology and water discharge to the assessment of water stage, over- bank storage and flooding and the hydrodynamics that determine the timing, duration and quantity of the seasonal flow reversal into and out of the good Lake. Reach 6: Phnom Penh to the South China Sea. Here the mainstream divides into a complex and more and more controlled and artificial system of branches and canals. Key options of circulate behaviour are tidal influences and salt water intrusion.
Yearly, 35-50% of this reach is flooded through the rainy season. The influence of road embankments and comparable infrastructure developments on the movement of this flood water is an increasingly necessary consequence of growth. Table 2 summarises the imply annual flows along the mainstream. The mean annual movement getting into the lower Mekong from China is equal to a comparatively modest 450 mm (18 in) depth of runoff. Downstream of Vientiane this will increase to over 600 mm (24 in) because the principal left bank tributaries enter the mainstream, mainly the Nam Ngum and Nam Theun. The flow level falls once more, even with the precise financial institution entry of the Mun-Chi system from Thailand. Although the Mun-Chi basin drains 20% of the decrease system, common annual runoff is just 250 mm (10 in). Runoff within the mainstream increases again with the entry from the left financial institution of the Se Kong from southern Laos and Se San and Sre Pok from Vietnam and Cambodia. Table 2: Lower Mekong Mainstream annual circulate (1960 to 2004) at selected sites. Flows at Chiang Saen coming into the decrease basin from Yunnan make up about 15% of the wet season move at Kratie. This rises to 40% during the dry season, even this far downstream. In the course of the wet season, the proportion of average movement coming from Yunnan quickly decreases downstream of Chiang Saen, from 70% to less than 20% at Kratie. The dry season contribution from Yunnan is way more vital. The key portion of the steadiness comes from Laos, which points to a serious distinction within the low-flow hydrology of the river.
One fraction comes from melting snow in China and Tibet and the remaining from over-season catchment storage within the lower basin. This has implications for the prevalence of drought situations. For example, if runoff from melting snow in any given year may be very low, then flows upstream of Vientiane-Nong Khai can be lower. In a large river system just like the Mekong, seasonal flows may be quite variable from year to yr. Although the sample of the annual hydrograph is fairly predictable, its magnitude isn't. The average monthly flows alongside the mainstream are listed in Table 3, offering an indication of their range and variability from 12 months to 12 months. At Pakse, for example, flood season flows throughout August would exceed 20,000 m3/s (5,300,000 US gal/s) 9 years out of ten, but exceed 34,000 m3/s (9,000,000 US gal/s) only one 12 months in ten. Table 3: Mekong Mainstream month-to-month discharge, 1960-2004 (m3/s). There's little proof from the final 45 years of knowledge of any systematic adjustments within the hydrological regime of the Mekong. The inner drainage patterns of the Mekong are unusual amongst those of giant rivers. Most massive river techniques that drain the interiors of continents, such as the Amazon, Congo, and Mississippi, have comparatively simple dendritic tributary networks that resemble a branching tree. Typically, such patterns develop in basins with gentle slopes the place the underlying geological structure is pretty homogeneous and stable, exerting little or no control on river morphology. In marked contrast, the tributary networks of the Salween, Yangtze, and particularly the Mekong, are advanced with completely different sub-basins often exhibiting totally different, and distinct, drainage patterns.